正矢
正矢(英文:Versine、Versed sine)是一种三角函数,出现于早期的三角函数表(如梵语的阿耶巴塔三角表[1]第一节),其值为1和余弦函数的差。它的定义域是整个实数集,值域是。它是周期函数,其最小正周期为(360°)。在自变量为(,其中为整数)时,该函数有极大值2;在自变量为(或)时,该函数有极小值0。正矢函数是偶函数,其图像关于y轴对称。
概述
正矢函数(versine[2][3][4][5][6]或versed sine[7][8][9][10][11])是一个三角函数,常计为versin(θ)、 sinver(θ)、[12][13]vers(θ)、 ver(θ)[14]或 siv(θ)。[15][16] 在拉丁语中,其被称为sinus versus (翻转的正弦), versinus、 versus或 sagitta (箭头)。[17]
其等价定义为
相关函数
- 余的正矢(英文:versed cosine、vercosine)[18],写为vercosin(θ)、 vercos(θ)或 vcs(θ)。
- 余矢(英文:coversed sine、coversine)[19],写为 ,有时亦缩写为 。
- 余的余矢(英文:coversed cosine[20]或 covercosine),写为covercosin(θ)、 covercos(θ)或 cvc(θ)。
与上述四个函数类似,还存在四个“半值”函数:
- 半正矢(英文:haversed sine,[21] haversine或 semiversus[22][23]),写为haversin(θ)、 semiversin(θ)、 semiversinus(θ)、 havers(θ)、 hav(θ)、[24][25] hvs(θ)、[注 1] sem(θ)或 hv(θ)[26],因半正矢公式出名,且曾用于导航术。
- 余的半正矢(英文:haversed cosine[27] or havercosine),写为havercosin(θ), havercos(θ), hac(θ)或 hvc(θ)。
- 半余矢(英文:hacoversed sine、hacoversine[28]或 cohaversine),写为hacoversin(θ)、 semicoversin(θ)、 hacovers(θ)、 hacov(θ)[29]或 hcv(θ)。
- 余的半余矢(英文:hacoversed cosine[30]、 hacovercosine或 cohavercosine),写为hacovercosin(θ)、 hacovercos(θ)或 hcc(θ)。
定义
正矢 | [3] | |
---|---|---|
余矢 | [3] | |
余的正矢 | [18] | |
余的余矢 | [20] | |
半正矢 | [3] | |
半余矢 | [28] | |
余的半正矢 | [27] | |
余的半余矢 | [30] |
微分与积分
参见
注释
参考文献
- ^ The Āryabhaṭīya by Āryabhaṭa
- ^ Inman, James. Navigation and Nautical Astronomy: For the Use of British Seamen 3. London, UK: W. Woodward, C. & J. Rivington. 1835 [1821] [2015-11-09]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-27). (Fourth edition: [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).)
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Zucker, Ruth. Chapter 4.3.147: Elementary Transcendental Functions - Circular functions. Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene Ann (编). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. Applied Mathematics Series 55 Ninth reprint with additional corrections of tenth original printing with corrections (December 1972); first. Washington D.C.; New York: United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards; Dover Publications. 1983: 78. ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0. LCCN 64-60036. MR 0167642. LCCN 65-12253. 已忽略未知参数
|orig-date=
(帮助) - ^ Tapson, Frank. Background Notes on Measures: Angles. 1.4. Cleave Books. 2004 [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-09).
- ^ Oldham, Keith B.; Myland, Jan C.; Spanier, Jerome. 32.13. The Cosine cos(x) and Sine sin(x) functions - Cognate functions. An Atlas of Functions: with Equator, the Atlas Function Calculator 2. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2009: 322 [1987]. ISBN 978-0-387-48806-6. LCCN 2008937525. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-48807-3.
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- ^ Boyer, Carl Benjamin. 5: Commentary on the Paper of E. J. Dijksterhuis (The Origins of Classical Mechanics from Aristotle to Newton). Clagett, Marshall (编). Critical Problems in the History of Science 3. Madison, Milwaukee, and London: University of Wisconsin Press, Ltd. 1969: 185–190 [1959] [2015-11-16]. ISBN 0-299-01874-1. LCCN 59-5304. 9780299018740.
- ^ Swanson, Todd; Andersen, Janet; Keeley, Robert. 5 (Trigonometric Functions) (PDF). Precalculus: A Study of Functions and Their Applications. Harcourt Brace & Company. 1999: 344 [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2003-06-17).
- ^ Korn, Grandino Arthur; Korn, Theresa M. Appendix B: B9. Plane and Spherical Trigonometry: Formulas Expressed in Terms of the Haversine Function. Mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers: Definitions, theorems, and formulars for reference and review 3. Mineola, New York, USA: Dover Publications, Inc. 2000: 892–893 [1961]. ISBN 978-0-486-41147-7. (See errata.)
- ^ Calvert, James B. Trigonometry. 2007-09-14 [2004-01-10] [2015-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-02).
- ^ Edler von Braunmühl, Anton. Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Trigonometrie - Von der Erfindung der Logarithmen bis auf die Gegenwart [Lectures on history of trigonometry - from the invention of logarithms up to the present] 2. Leipzig, Germany: B. G. Teubner. 1903: 231 [2015-12-09]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-26) (德语).
- ^ Cajori, Florian. A History of Mathematical Notations 2 2 (3rd corrected printing of 1929 issue). Chicago, USA: Open court publishing company. 1952: 172 [March 1929] [2015-11-11]. ISBN 978-1-60206-714-1. 1602067147.
The haversine first appears in the tables of logarithmic versines of José de Mendoza y Rios (Madrid, 1801, also 1805, 1809), and later in a treatise on navigation of James Inman (1821). See J. D. White in Nautical Magazine (February and July 1926).
(NB. ISBN and link for reprint of 2nd edition by Cosimo, Inc., New York, USA, 2013.) - ^ Shaneyfelt, Ted V. 德博士的 Notes About Circles, ज्य, & कोज्य: What in the world is a hacovercosine?. Hilo, Hawaii: University of Hawaii. [2015-11-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-19).
- ^ Cauchy, Augustin-Louis. Analyse Algébrique. Cours d'Analyse de l'Ecole royale polytechnique 1. L'Imprimerie Royale, Debure frères, Libraires du Roi et de la Bibliothèque du Roi. 1821 (法语).access-date=2015-11-07--> (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00208-0)
- ^ Bradley, Robert E.; Sandifer, Charles Edward. Buchwald, J. Z. , 编. Cauchy's Cours d'analyse: An Annotated Translation. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC). 2010-01-14: 10, 285 [2009] [2015-11-09]. ISBN 978-1-4419-0548-2. LCCN 2009932254. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0549-9. 1441905499, 978-1-4419-0549-9. (原始内容存档于2016-06-24). (See errata.)
- ^ van Brummelen, Glen Robert. Heavenly Mathematics: The Forgotten Art of Spherical Trigonometry. Princeton University Press. 2013 [2015-11-10]. ISBN 9780691148922. 0691148929.
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- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Coversine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2005-11-27) (英语).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Covercosine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-28) (英语).
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Haversine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2005-03-10) (英语).
- ^ Fulst, Otto. 17, 18. Lütjen, Johannes; Stein, Walter; Zwiebler, Gerhard (编). Nautische Tafeln 24. Bremen, Germany: Arthur Geist Verlag. 1972 (德语).
- ^ Sauer, Frank. Semiversus-Verfahren: Logarithmische Berechnung der Höhe. Hotheim am Taunus, Germany: Astrosail. 2015 [2004] [2015-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-17) (德语).
- ^ Rider, Paul Reece; Davis, Alfred. Plane Trigonometry. New York, USA: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1923: 42 [2015-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-28).
- ^ Haversine. Wolfram Language & System: Documentation Center. 7.0. 2008 [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-01).
- ^ Rudzinski, Greg. Ix, Hanno. Ultra compact sight reduction. Ocean Navigator (Portland, ME, USA: Navigator Publishing LLC). July 2015, (227): 42–43 [2015-11-07]. ISSN 0886-0149.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Havercosine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-29) (英语).
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Hacoversine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-29) (英语).
- ^ van Vlijmen, Oscar. Goniology. Eenheden, constanten en conversies. 2005-12-28 [2003] [2015-11-28]. (原始内容存档于2009-10-28) (英语).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Weisstein, Eric W. (编). Hacovercosine. at MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. Wolfram Research, Inc. [2015-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-29) (英语).
- Boyer, Carl B. A History of Mathematics 2nd. New York: Wiley. 1991.
- sagitta. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 (英语).
- Miller, J. Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics (v). [2010-04-02]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-05).
- Calvert, James B. Trigonometry. [2010-04-02]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-02).
- haversine. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 (英语).
- Cites coinage by Prof. Jas. Inman, D. D., in his Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, 3rd ed. (1835).
- Nair, Bhaskaran. Track measurement systems—concepts and techniques. Rail International. 1972, 3 (3): 159–166. ISSN 0020-8442.
- 埃里克·韦斯坦因. Versine. MathWorld.
- 埃里克·韦斯坦因. Haversine. MathWorld.
外部链接
- Sagitta, Apothem, and Chord (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.