空间群

在数学和物理学中，空间群（space group）是空间中（通常是三维空间）一种形态的空间对称群。在三维空间中有219种不同的类型，或230种不同的手性类型。对超过三维的空间中的空间群也有研究，它们有时被称作比贝尔巴赫（英语：Ludwig Bieberbach）群，并且是离散的紧群，具有欧氏空间的等距同构。

在晶体学中，空间群也被称为费奥多罗夫（英语：Evgraf Fedorov）群，是对晶体对称型的一种描述。三维空间群的权威参考文献是《国际晶体学表》。

三维的空间群

#	晶系（空间群数量）布拉维晶格	点群					空间群 (国际短符号)
#	晶系（空间群数量）布拉维晶格	国际符号	Schön.	Orbifold	Cox.	Ord.	空间群 (国际短符号)
1	三斜晶系 (2)	1	C₁	11	[ ]⁺	1	P1
2	三斜晶系 (2)	1	C_i	1×	[2⁺,2⁺]	2	P1
3–5	单斜晶系 (13)	2	C₂	22	[2]⁺	2	P2, P2₁ C2
6–9		m	C_s	*11	[ ]	2	Pm, Pc Cm, Cc
10–15		2/m	C_2h	2*	[2,2⁺]	4	P2/m, P2₁/m C2/m, P2/c, P2₁/c C2/c
16–24	正交晶系 (59)	222	D₂	222	[2,2]⁺	4	P222, P222₁, P2₁2₁2, P2₁2₁2₁, C222₁, C222, F222, I222, I2₁2₁2₁
25–46		mm2	C_2v	*22	[2]	4	Pmm2, Pmc2₁, Pcc2, Pma2, Pca2₁, Pnc2, Pmn2₁, Pba2, Pna2₁, Pnn2 Cmm2, Cmc2₁, Ccc2, Amm2, Aem2, Ama2, Aea2 Fmm2, Fdd2 Imm2, Iba2, Ima2
47–74		mmm	D_2h	*222	[2,2]	8	Pmmm, Pnnn, Pccm, Pban, Pmma, Pnna, Pmna, Pcca, Pbam, Pccn, Pbcm, Pnnm, Pmmn, Pbcn, Pbca, Pnma Cmcm, Cmce, Cmmm, Cccm, Cmme, Ccce Fmmm, Fddd Immm, Ibam, Ibca, Imma
75–80	四方晶系 (68)	4	C₄	44	[4]⁺	4	P4, P4₁, P4₂, P4₃, I4, I4₁
81–82		4	S₄	2×	[2⁺,4⁺]	4	P4, I4
83–88		4/m	C_4h	4*	[2,4⁺]	8	P4/m, P4₂/m, P4/n, P4₂/n I4/m, I4₁/a
89–98		422	D₄	224	[2,4]⁺	8	P422, P42₁2, P4₁22, P4₁2₁2, P4₂22, P4₂2₁2, P4₃22, P4₃2₁2 I422, I4₁22
99–110		4mm	C_4v	*44	[4]	8	P4mm, P4bm, P4₂cm, P4₂nm, P4cc, P4nc, P4₂mc, P4₂bc I4mm, I4cm, I4₁md, I4₁cd
111–122		42m	D_2d	2*2	[2⁺,4]	8	P42m, P42c, P42₁m, P42₁c, P4m2, P4c2, P4b2, P4n2 I4m2, I4c2, I42m, I42d
123–142		4/mmm	D_4h	*224	[2,4]	16	P4/mmm, P4/mcc, P4/nbm, P4/nnc, P4/mbm, P4/mnc, P4/nmm, P4/ncc, P4₂/mmc, P4₂/mcm, P4₂/nbc, P4₂/nnm, P4₂/mbc, P4₂/mnm, P4₂/nmc, P4₂/ncm I4/mmm, I4/mcm, I4₁/amd, I4₁/acd
143–146	三方晶系 (25)	3	C₃	33	[3]⁺	3	P3, P3₁, P3₂ R3
147–148		3	S₆	3×	[2⁺,6⁺]	6	P3, R3
149–155		32	D₃	223	[2,3]⁺	6	P312, P321, P3₁12, P3₁21, P3₂12, P3₂21 R32
156–161		3m	C_3v	*33	[3]	6	P3m1, P31m, P3c1, P31c R3m, R3c
162–167		3m	D_3d	2*3	[2⁺,6]	12	P31m, P31c, P3m1, P3c1 R3m, R3c
168–173	六方晶系 (27)	6	C₆	66	[6]⁺	6	P6, P6₁, P6₅, P6₂, P6₄, P6₃
174		6	C_3h	3*	[2,3⁺]	6	P6
175–176		6/m	C_6h	6*	[2,6⁺]	12	P6/m, P6₃/m
177–182		622	D₆	226	[2,6]⁺	12	P622, P6₁22, P6₅22, P6₂22, P6₄22, P6₃22
183–186		6mm	C_6v	*66	[6]	12	P6mm, P6cc, P6₃cm, P6₃mc
187–190		6m2	D_3h	*223	[2,3]	12	P6m2, P6c2, P62m, P62c
191–194		6/mmm	D_6h	*226	[2,6]	24	P6/mmm, P6/mcc, P6₃/mcm, P6₃/mmc
195–199	立方晶系 (36)	23	T	332	[3,3]⁺	12	P23, F23, I23 P2₁3, I2₁3
200–206		m3	T_h	3*2	[3⁺,4]	24	Pm3, Pn3, Fm3, Fd3, Im3, Pa3, Ia3
207–214		432	O	432	[3,4]⁺	24	P432, P4₂32 F432, F4₁32 I432 P4₃32, P4₁32, I4₁32
215–220		43m	T_d	*332	[3,3]	24	P43m, F43m, I43m P43n, F43c, I43d
221–230		m3m	O_h	*432	[3,4]	48	Pm3m, Pn3n, Pm3n, Pn3m Fm3m, Fm3c, Fd3m, Fd3c Im3m, Ia3d

注: e 面是双滑移面，是在两个不同方向的滑移，存在于七个正交群，五个四方群和五个立方群中，都具有含有中心的晶格，官方的符号为e

参考资料

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外部链接

International Union of Crystallography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Point Groups and Bravais Lattices
[1] Bilbao Crystallographic Server
Space Group Info (old)
Space Group Info (new)
Crystal Lattice Structures: Index by Space Group
Full list of 230 crystallographic space groups
Interactive 3D visualization of all 230 crystallographic space groups （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Huson, Daniel H., The Fibrifold Notation and Classification for 3D Space Groups (PDF), 1999 ^{[永久失效链接]}
The Geometry Center: 2.1 Formulas for Symmetries in Cartesian Coordinates (two dimensions) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
The Geometry Center: 10.1 Formulas for Symmetries in Cartesian Coordinates (three dimensions) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）