拉胀材料
拉胀材料(Auxetics)也称为负泊松比材料,是泊松比为负值的结构或材料[1]。一般材料在拉伸时,垂直于拉伸方向的部分会收缩。但拉胀材料在拉伸时,垂直拉伸方向的部分会膨胀,这是因为其特殊内部构造,以及在单轴施力下的形变方式有关。拉胀材料可能是单分子、晶体,或是特别的巨观结构。
有拉胀特性的材料及结构多半会有高吸震及高断裂抵抗的能力。拉胀材料可用在像防弹背心[2]、包装材料、护膝及护肘、强健吸震材料及胶棉拖把。
历史
auxetic一词源自希腊文的αὐξητικός(auxetikos),意思是“倾向于增加”。这个词是由艾希特大学的Ken Evans教授所创[3][4]。
由柏林的研究者K. Pietsch在1978年发明的RFS结构(钻石折叠结构),是首批人工合成的拉胀材料之一[5],K. Pietsch没有使用auxetic一词,不过他第一个描述其底层的杠杆特性以及其非线性的力学特性,因此视为是拉胀网状材料的发明者。 最早发表的负泊松常数论文是由A. G. Kolpakov在1985年提出《确认弹性网络的平均特性》(Determination of the average characteristics of elastic frameworks)。下一个有关合成拉胀材料的论文是在1987年的《科学》期刊,标题是《负泊松比的泡沬结构》(Foam structures with a Negative Poisson's Ratio)[6],是威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的R.S. Lakes所提出。auxetic一词的使用大约是在1991年开始[7]。在1985年开始发表用周期性凹六边形单元(有负泊松比特性)建构复合结构的设计[8][9][10][11]。
特性
一般而言,拉胀材料是低密度的物质,因此其中允许有类似杠杆,可以变形的拉胀微结构[12]。
巨观下,拉胀特性可以用非弹性的弦绕在弹性的绳子上来说明。当结构的末端受力拉开时,非弹性的弦伸直,弹性绳伸展并绕在其周围,因此增加了结构的有效体积。巨观下的拉胀特性也可以用来开发有强化机能的产品,例如由Grima及Evans开发,以拉胀可旋转三角形结构为基础的鞋子[13][14][15]
常见的拉胀材料
以下一些拉胀材料的例子:
- 拉胀聚氨酯泡沫[16][17]。
- α-方硅石[18]。
- 特定的岩石及矿物[19]。
- 石墨烯,可以透过引入晶格空位使其有拉胀性[20][21]。
- 活的动物骨骼组织(这个只是推测)[19]。
- 在正常运动范围内的肌腱[22]。
- 特殊的聚四氟乙烯聚合物,例如Gore-Tex[23]。
- 一些特殊的纸张。若纸张在平行纸面的方向受力拉伸,由于其网状的结构,其厚度也会增加[24][25]
- 一些折纸形成的结构,例如钻石折叠结构(Diamond-Folding-Structure、也简称为RFS)、人字纹折叠结构(FFS)或是三浦折叠[26][27],或是由这些折叠衍生的周期性图案[28][29]。
- 一些为呈现负泊松比而设计的特制结构[30][31]。
- 链状有机分子。近期的研究发现像是n-烷烃或是类似结构的有机晶体可能会有拉胀特性[32]。
- 加工过的针刺不织布。因为其纤维的网状结构,应用热和压力的加工方案可以让不织布具有拉胀特性[33][34]。
相关条目
- 声学超材料
- 力学超材料
- 超材料
- Zetix,一种已商品化的拉胀材料
- 六角平行多边形
参考资料
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- ^ Evans, Ken, Auxetic polymers: a new range of materials., Endeavour, 1991, 15 (4): 170–174, doi:10.1016/0160-9327(91)90123-S.
- ^ RFS-Struktur (Rauten-Falt-Struktur) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), In: Materialblog.de
- ^ Lakes, R.S., Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio, Science, 1987-02-27, 235 (4792): 1038–40, Bibcode:1987Sci...235.1038L, PMID 17782252, doi:10.1126/science.235.4792.1038.
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- ^ Kolpakov, A.G. Determination of the average characteristics of elastic frameworks. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. 1985, 49 (6): 739–745. Bibcode:1985JApMM..49..739K. doi:10.1016/0021-8928(85)90011-5.
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