球极平面投影

球极平面投影stereographic projection),在几何学里,是一种将圆球面投影至平面的映射。在构造地质学里,称为球面立体投影球面投影。除了投影点以外,这投影在整个球面都有定义。在这定义域里,这映射具有光滑性双射性共形性。共形性的意思就是角度维持不变。但是,这映射不会维持距离不变,也不会维持面积不变;它不会维持图案的距离与面积。

直觉而言,球极平面投影是一种以平面来看球面的方法。使用这方法,在图案品质方面,必须接受一些不可避免的妥协。因为圆球与平面出现于许多数学方面的问题和应用,球极平面投影也非常地常见。在各个领域,例如,复分析地图学地质学,与摄影,球极平面投影都有广泛的用处。实际上,球极平面投影经常是用电脑绘成,或者用手工直接绘在一种特别的绘图纸,称为乌尔夫网图

公式

球面球座标投影到平面极座标:

 

反解:

 

特别地,当 R = 0 时,φ = π

图片

参考文献

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